Crab Study Essays - Oceanography, Grapsoidea, Aquatic Ecology

Crab Study Since its itroduction to the New Jersey shore in 1988, the western Pacific shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus has spread to inhabit rocky intertidal locations along the Atlantic coast from Massachusetts to North Carolina (McDermott 1998). Many reasons have been proposed to explain the rapid spread of this non-indiginous species. For example, it has been shown that H. sanguineus has longer spawning periods along the mid-Atlantic coast than it does in its natural habitat in the western Pacific Ocean, due to a more favorable climate (Epifanio et al 1998). For this reason, these crabs are able to spawn more times per season than indigenous crabs, providing one possible hypothesis for their population explotion. For this species to expand its range along the Atlantic coast, it will need to have wide tolerances to temperature and salinity. In 1998 Epifanio found that The purpose of this study is to show the tolerance and behavioral responses of H. sanguineus to varying water and air temperatures, and water salinity concentrations. It is believed that these crabs will be very tolerant to the various extreme conditions that they will be put through. It is the ability of these crabs to survive in these unfavorable situations that is key to their success. This experiment was also designed to prove the hypothesis that the tolerance of H. sanguineus to various environmental factors increases with size. METHODS AND MATERIALS- In February 2000, a field trip was taken to Crane Neck Point to collect live specimens for the experiment. The field trip was conducted at low tide. The water temperature was approximately 3 degrees Celcius, with the air temperature slightly above freezing (0-1 degree Celcius). Live crabs were obtained by overturning rocks in the intertidal zone. Hemigrapsus sanguineus was found at all levels of the intertidal zone, although their numbers increased as one moved toward the waterline. The crabs were collected with no distinction toward size. The sizes of the specimens collected were found to range from 0.5 to 4.2 cm. The crabs were collected in a plastic five gallon bucket. Water was added to the bucket to keep the crabs from dehydrating. The crabs were taken back to the lab, where they were kept in the plastic five gallon buckets for a few weeks until the experiment began. Air hoses were added to the buckets in order to oxygenate the water. The water was changed, as necessary. The first experiment conducted was the experiment regarding water temperature and salinity tolerances. The objective was to conduct an experiment that would provide measurable data on the tolerance of H. sanguineus in various water salinities, over a range of temperatures. To conduct this experiment, 8 one gallon acrylic tanks were obtained. Four were used for the cold temperature experiment, and four were used for the room temperature experiment. Next, water of varying salinities were produced. We started with seawater that had a salinity of 30 parts per thousand. To obtain water with a salinity of 15 parts per thousand, the sea water was slowly diluted by adding tap water. The water was added slowly, and frequently checked with a salinity refractometer until the desired salinity of 15 parts per thousand was obtained. The water was further diluted, using the method above, to obtain the 5 parts per thousand water. To obtain the water with a salinity of 40 parts per thousand, the 30 parts per thousand sea water was again used, but this time was left uncovered as to allow for water evaporation. After several days, and frequent testing with the salinity refractometer, the water had a salinity of 40 parts per thousand. The containers of water were covered with plastic wrap, as to prevent evaporation, and keep the salinities constant. In additional a layer of mesh was used to cover the top of each container, to prevent the crabs from escaping (Figure 1). Four of the containers were left to stand at 25 degrees Celcius, while the remaining four were placed in the deli case at a temperature of 5 degrees Celcius. An air hose was added to each of the containers, in order to oxygenate the water. Ten crabs, of a varying range of sizes, were added to each container. The crabs, once again, ranged in size from 0.5 - 4.2 cm. In the first trial 15 fish food pellets were added to each container in order to provide the crabs with food, and hopefully reduce cannibalism. This was repeated a second an third time for both the 25 degree Celcius and 5 degree Celcius experiments, with

Thesis Topics

Thesis Topics Thesis Topics Thesis Topics The essential part of the Master's and Doctoral students is to complete a thesis. But to find a potential thesis topic is rather difficult task. The following thesis writing tips will help you during your thesis writing. A thesis topic must grow from your own energies and interests. Start thesis writing with something you are familiar with or what you are interested, you should defined your general area of interest. Think about your hobbies, some efforts you have taken part in, etc. You also may write your thesis by means of elaborations or expansions of your successful junior papers. Before writing a thesis think about your earlier junior papers you have written in your previous courses. Finding a topic within an area of interest is more difficult. Your topic should be formulated as a question. But the questions can't be too broad, because a thesis's topic must have focus. It also doesn't mean that it should be too narrow because the goal of a good thesis is to express thoughts of g eneral importance through detailed analysis of a specific case or cases. Because the purpose of this process is to formulate provoke question, the best way to uncover topics in your area of interest is to begin posing questions. Read relative issues and literature to your topic. If your topic seems too broad, this reading will give you some ideas how to narrow your topic. If your question is too narrow, a selection of articles and books can lead you to the general concerns that relate to your interest. Parts of a Thesis Some research projects involve a practical component of experimentation, research in libraries which includes designing the methodology, then analyzing and reporting on the findings in the thesis document. Your plans would need to cover undertaking your research study, analyzing results, writing a preliminary paper on the project, doing further research with further analysis and publication, writing and submitting the thesis, and so on. These are important stages but you should also be thinking further ahead. It is important to keep in mind the final thesis structure and the time line for completing individual chapters. The presentation of thesis follows a standard order. Here is a list to help you during preparation: Preliminary material Title page Acknowledgments Dedication Table of contents Abstract or summary Glossary Preface Substantive material Introduction Literature review Other chapters Conclusion Final sections Bibliography Appendices References CUSTOM THESIS You are welcome to order custom thesis writing service at and professional writer will assist you with project completion.   We guarantee high quality and timely delivery.

Langston Hughes College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Langston Hughes College - Essay Example Hughes published more than thirty-five books that utilized such diverse formats as poetry, scripts, operas, essays, and musicals aimed at both children's and adult audiences. Langston Hughes was able to not only illustrate what it meant to be black, but he was also able to show blacks what it meant to be American. Langston Hughes's love of writing and his social consciousness were formulated during his early years as a black child living in the early 1900s. Born in 1902 to a family with a deep literary tradition and a convention for education, Hughes gravitated towards writing at an early age. Hughes's father, James Nathaniel Hughes, studied law and moved to Mexico after being denied admittance to the bar in the Oklahoma Territory, leaving his wife and young Langston behind. Unable to support her young child, Carrie Hughes moved from job to job in Missouri and Kansas, while young Langston stayed with his maternal grandmother for most of the next decade in Lawrence Kansas. Langston was briefly reunited with his father in Mexico in 1908, but by this time he had already begun to reject the materialism sought by his father (Tracy 25). Langston had become keenly aware of the difference between wealth and poverty, and the social value of both. Langston Hughes was exposed to other writers in his family at an early age. His mother "demonstrated a dramatic imagination through writing poetry and delivering monologues in costume" (Tracy 25). His great-uncle, John Mercer Langston, attained some literary notoriety with an autobiography published under the title From the Virginia Plantation to the National Capital in 1894 (Tracy 25). Hughes's imagination was spurred on further by his grandmother's imagination and a visit to the Topeka library. He would remark later in life that, "even before I was six books began to happen to me, so that after a while there came a time when I believed in books more than in people which, of course, was wrong" (Tracy 26). Hughes briefly returned to Mexico in 1921 to live with his father, and it was then that he penned "The Negro Speaks of Rivers", arguably his first important work. It was published in 1922 by the W.E.B. DuBois publication Crisis, thus launching his long literary career. Hughes's early childhood experiences and his literary success with the Crisis placed him as a central figure in the Harlem Renaissance. By 1920 several major black organizations such as the NAACP and The Urban League, had located their offices in Harlem, New York. Harlem had become a magnet for black America as African-Americans were defining their American identity. Taylor describes the rising tide of black dignity as follows: As Harlem consolidated its role as a "black belt," it took on a powerful significance for writers and artists. From 1919 to 1929 the cultural movement defining the neighborhood's heyday took place: the Harlem Renaissance. Those were the years, wrote Langston Hughes, when "Harlem was in vogue." The philosophy and art that came out of Harlem at this time have had a lasting significance for the development of modern black consciousness. (7) The crucible of Harlem with its conflict and fury would propel Hughes to develop an individual style that shaped the future of black America, black literature, and the Civil Rights movement. It was in Harlem that Langston Hughes gained widespread acceptance as an important American writer. During the early 1920s,

Fashion Marketing and Advertising. Marks & Spencer Essay

Fashion Marketing and Advertising. Marks & Spencer - Essay Example The essay "Fashion Marketing and Advertising" examines the strategies of marketing in fashion. Limited Collection brand is the fashion-forward brand of M&S created last 2004. The new face of Limited Collection is aimed to attract the young generation of women below -35. According to M&S, â€Å"it is the latest contemporary cut straight from the catwalk and brings a whole new attitude to style.† Though M&S had established its name over years, Limited Collection brand being new to the industry will be open to possibilities of threats from the simplest to the most complicated one that should not be overlooked. Generally, M&S makes the use of certain management strategies to anticipate threats like competition in the current retail environment. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to systematically gathered data, record and analysis of information concerning Limited Collection brand in the external marketing environment. Without this marketing research it would be impossible to deal with the competitors by making use of different marketing strategies. A marketing and advertising plan about the Limited Collection brand will be given focus as well as the analysis on how M&S manage to undertake the competition in the current retail environment that would make the brand successful. The success of the business lies entirely to the customers. Once the companies have them, customer should be satisfied by meeting their needs and demands. M&S is doing the same way, to prioritize its 21 million weekly customers.

Nutrition Support of Hospitalized Patients Essay

Nutrition Support of Hospitalized Patients - Essay Example The healthcare professionals often underestimate the nutritional needs of the patients who are critically ill. Moreover, the initiation of nutritional therapy is often delayed in these patients. In the critically ill patient, nutritional status plays a key role in recovery. The extent of muscle wasting and weight loss in the ICU is inversely correlated with long-term survival. However, because conventional parenteral nutritional therapy of malnourished critically ill patients has not been demonstrated to produce anabolism, blunting of the catabolic state may be the more effective strategy. Over the top of that malnutrition in the critically ill patients have been associated with increased mortality, morbidity, and length of stay, which may be correlated to increased dependency of mechanical ventilation, enhanced rates of infection, and impairment of wound healing. Therefore, to determine the evidence in this area of care, it would be prudent to critically analyse the research finding s which could justify the indications and contraindications of nutritional therapy in these patients. ... Concomitantly, there is an increase globulin synthesis as a part of acute phase response. Metabolically, there is noted to be increased gluconeogenesis along with reduced serum iron and zinc levels and increased copper and ceruloplasmin levels. These changes lead to fever and an associated negative nitrogen balance. There is protein breakdown invariably in all patients. There is evidence that critically ill adult patients may lose about 16-20 g of nitrogen, which are supposed to be excreted in the form of urea, which in normal individuals are about 10-12 g/d. Many acutely ill patients have septic complications, and in some of them, the nitrogen loss may account for up to 24 g of urinary urea nitrogen daily. The nutritional implications of these facts become very significant since with the loss of 1 g of urinary urea nitrogen, the nitrogen content in 6.25 g of protein is loss, which is equivalent to approximately 1 oz of lean body mass. As one can calculate, the loss of 16 g of nitrog en as urinary urea is therefore equal to the loss of about 1 lb of skeletal muscle or lean body mass per day (Doig et al., 2008). Nutritional supplementation, hence, bears an important meaning in the management of patients who are critically ill. Studies have indicated that initiation of nutritional supportive treatments in critically ill patients within 48 to 72 hours of admission has at least three important outcomes. These are improved clinical outcomes, lower rates of infectious complications, and shorter duration of hospital stay. The route of administration of nutritional supports to these patients has also important influences over clinical outcomes. Evidence indicates that enteral nutrition is favorable over parenteral

Impact of Donald Trump on the East and West

Impact of Donald Trump on the East and West The Weakening West: Opportunities for the East The West in the Era of Trump As the first quarter of the 21st century unfolds, there are many signs that the West, led by the United States of America, is struggling to maintain it’s dominant influence in the world. After the end of World War II, in 1945, the United States of America played a central role in encouraging the economic and governmental cooperation between countries of Western Europe, Canada and itself. As time moved on, this union of peace grew to incorporate other countries, and through it all, the United States has been the heart of the system. The system created has been truly unique with respect to the shared values, common goals, economic successes and mutual respect shared between these countries. However, this new, and often termed liberal world order, which has been defined, dominated and nurtured by the United States, continues, in recent years, to be challenged in a way that increases the likelihood that the West will be weakened as the dominant power in the unfolding 21st century. Factors within and external to the West will play key roles in the weakening of its hold.   First, the strength and unity of the United States itself, as the leader and defender of the liberal order, is now in crisis. This crisis of unity and rise in populism now extends beyond the borders of the United States to other key nations of the western world, further eroding the very values, policies and institutions that define the West. Second, the presence of weakened, unpredictable and misguided leadership in the United States is having a profoundly negative impact on the future of the United States as the leader of the West. And finally, China in the East, sits poised to challenge what is already a weakened international order. It is a time of great challenge for the West and it appears that the liberal world order, as known today, will be weakened in the coming decades.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The last couple of years have given us cause to observe that important challenges in foreign policies seem to be coming more from within the countries themselves than from between the countries in the West.[1] In 2016, two powerful nations that have played key roles in the creation of the liberal order, the United States and the United Kingdom, appear to have turned away from this ideal. The rise of populism has been exemplified by the election of President Trump in the USA and the exit of the UK from the European Union, or Brexit. Populism is best described as a commitment to strong leaders and a disdain for powerful institutions and limits on sovereignty.[2] It suggests a suspicion and hostility aimed at elites, mainstream politics and well- established institutions.[3] Of course many of those very institutions are at the heart of the liberal world order such as the United Nations, the European Union, the World Trade Organization, and others. Through these institutions we have enjoyed peace, safety, and economic stability.   Under Donald Trump, a populist leader, he has convinced many that he is there for the people, that he will save them and that he eschews the important institutions as unnecessary, expensive and unhelpful to the people. The very middle class that the liberal world order has helped to create are now turning against it. The working class resent the elite and rich and believe that they gain from international institutions and gain favor with higher ups in government.   â€Å"America first† was a slogan that has become the new reality of the USA. In the case of Brexit, the British government under the leadership of David Cameron held a referendum on whether or not Britain should leave the European Union. To the shock of the world a majority voted to leave. As with the pro-Trump supporters, the pro-Brexit supporters believed that such dramatic change, in this case leaving the EU, was essential to restore the very identity of the country and its people. The â€Å"Take Control† slogan appears to have convinced many. It appears that the populist movement, in which a large segment of the poor and working-class population becomes anti-establishment and anti-elite has voted against the mainstream political leanings, once again. The very Union that has brought us peace for the last 70 years is now under growing strain.[4] The impact of leaving the European Union remains to be seen for Britain itself, but this action most certainly weakens the very unified Europe that we have all counted on as a powerful component of the liberal world order of the West. With the recognition of the United States as the historical nurturer and leader of the West it is logical to expect that the President of the United States would espouse principles of mutual respect and cooperation with the other countries of the West, in addition to shared beliefs and goals. With the election of Donald Trump the very leadership of the country, and of it’s future and of the West is threatened. Trump appears to see the United States cooperation with the greater West as somehow costing the country more than it is benefitting it. Two significant decisions by Trump since coming into office illustrate just how seriously he seeks to appeal to his domestic base, regardless of its impact beyond the country’s borders. Trump recently announced a decision to withdraw the United States from the Paris Climate Agreement. In 2015, 195 countries attending the Paris Climate Conference adopted the first ever universal global climate deal. The main goal of the agreement is to keep global average temperatures from rising 2 degrees by the end of the century. Beyond 2 degrees promises catastrophic weather changes threatening man’s very survival. For the U.S. the pledge they made was to reduce 26 to 28 percent greenhouse gas reductions by 2026. The agreement is to create a culture of accountability and hopefully some peer pressure between countries will be at work. President Trump’s decision to withdraw has many believing, including Former Energy Secretary and US negotiator for the Paris Climate Agreement, Ernest Moniz, that his decision is more about politics, even about theatre, than it is anything to do with climate.[5] Again, he is playing to his domestic base at home, focused on the United States, with little regard for other countries, or for the world at large. Without the United States there is no doubt that the Agreement will be weakened, not to mention the remarkable coalition of all but two countries, who worked so hard to come to such a remarkable agreement. On the first day of President Trump’s presidency he also pulled the United States out of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement. This is a trade agreement between twelve countries, responsible for 40% of the world’s trade, that border the Pacific Ocean. They signed up to this agreement in 2016.  Ã‚   The agreement was ultimately aimed at helping these countries to encourage trade between them and to deepen their economic ties. It is believed that this deal, once ratified, would have supported greatly the United States’ position in the Asia-Pacific region, where China’s influence is being felt more and more.[6] Trump called it a â€Å"horrible deal† when on the campaign trail and claimed that it aims to benefit big business and other countries and that, in the process, jobs in the United States would be threatened. While the USA now appears focused on its domestic interests, far from it’s previous role as the leader of the West, China now sits poised to replace the West as the new world leader. Gideon Rachman, in his new book Easternization writes of a transformed Asia. In his words, â€Å"the West’s centuries-long domination of world affairs is now coming to a close.†[7] China, a country of enormous population and administrative determination, is on the move to take advantage of the refocusing of the recent United States administrative decisions and to assume control as the Eastern leader. In 2014 China became the worlds largest economy.[8] A fast expanding military   speaks to the confidence the leaders have in it’s own strength with respect to the United States and its own neighbors. China’s President Xi Jinping dedicates far more time visiting the People’s Liberation Army headquarters than his predecessors and clearly has as a mandate to develop new military policies and bolster Chinese Communist Party propaganda.[9] China is claiming ownership of waters claimed by other eastern countries and is building artificial islands and sending airplanes and ships to challenge fishing boundaries and oil resources. Many ongoing decisions of the United States administration bear evidence of their apparent willingness to forfeit power and leadership to China, in exchange for building their internal appeal to the general populous. Removing itself from the Paris Climate Agreement has left China the opportunity now to move forward with leadership in this area and to pledge new partnerships with members of the Agreement. Likewise, a few weeks after the United States removed itself from the Trans-Pacific Partnership China sent high-ranking diplomats to meet with the remaining members of the partnership to discuss forming a new regional trade partnership with China, rather than the United States, as a member.[10] Just this week an article appears in Foreign Affairs in which Casarini writes about â€Å"A New Era for EU-China Relations?-How They Are Forging Ahead Without the United States†. He details several ways in which China is recently working with the EU. Beijing is trying to charm Europe through investments. Europe is now the top destination for Chinese foreign investments, surpassing the United States. Both China and the EU have pledged to continue efforts to reduce pollution and combat rising sea levels even, without the United States. Casarini believes it is likely that the EU and China will foster ties on security and defence as well. However, he points out quickly that â€Å"A China-EU alliance would be more a marriage of convenience than a solid partnership—one that is facilitated by Brexit and that revolves around a shared antagonism for Trump.† The future of the West, with the United States in a leadership role, faces major threats and, on it’s current trajectory, stands to weaken as the 21st century unfolds. With the President of the United States working to remove his country from agreements focused on the collective welfare of many countries, in favor of pleasing his own voter base, combined with the rise of populist governments within the West, the future does not look hopeful. With the West weakened and lacking leadership, the East is well poised and stepping forward to strengthen it’s leadership on many fronts, including areas of economics, security and climate. It may be that China will forge alliances with members of the existing West, but one thing is certain, the West as it has been known until recently, will not exist and the future remains unclear.   Endnotes [1] Jeff D. Colgan, Robert O. Keohane, â€Å"The Liberal Order Is Rigged: Fix It Now or Watch It Wither,† Foreign Affairs, (May & June 2017), 36. [2] Ibid. [3] Fareed Zakaria, â€Å"Populism on the March: Why the West Is in Trouble,† Foreign Affairs, (November & December 2016). [4] Amanda. Taub, â€Å"Brexit, Explained: 7 Questions About What It Means and Why It Matters,† The New York Times, 20 June 2016. [5] Ernest Moniz, interview by Fareed Zakaria, Cable News Network, June 4, 2017. [6] â€Å"TPP: What is it and why does it matter?† British Broadcasting Corporation, January 23, 2017, http://www.bbc.com/news/business-32498715 (accessed June 9, 2017). [7] Gideon Rachman, Easternization: Asia’s Rise and America’s Decline from Obama to Trump and Beyond (New York: Other Press, 2016). [8] Jessica T. Mathews, â€Å"Can China Replace the West?† The New York Review of Books, (11 May 2017). [9] Ibid. [10] Ibid. Bibliography Acemoglu, Daron, and James A. Robinson. Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. New York, NY: Crown Business, 2013. Brinton, Crane, John B. Christopher, and Robert Lee Wolff. Civilization in the West. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1964. Brà ¶ning, Michael. The Rise of Populism in Europe: Can the Center Hold? Foreign Affairs, 3 June 2016. Casarini, N. A New Era for EU-China Relations? Foreign Affairs, 6 June 2017. Colgan, Jeff D., and Keohane, Robert O. The Liberal Order Is Rigged: Fix It Now or Watch It Wither, Foreign Affairs, May & June 2017. CrashCourse. â€Å"The Rise of the West and Historical Methodology: Crash Course World History #212†. Filmed [October 2014]. YouTube Video, 11:53. Posted [October 2014]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nosJVTuCHFk. Diamond, Jared M. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. New York: Penguin Books, 2011. Dollar, David. Brexit Aftermath: The Wests Decline and Chinas Rise, Brookings Institution, 27 June 2016. Durden, Tyler. The BBC Looks At How Western Civilisation Could Collapse. Zero Hedge, 19 April 2017. Feigenbaum, Evan A. China and the World, Foreign Affairs, Jan. & Feb. 2017. Ferguson, Niall. Civilization: the West and the rest. New York: Penguin Books, 2012. Hunter, Erica C. D. First civilizations. New York: Facts on File, 1994. Ikenberry, John. The Rise of China and the Future of the West | Foreign Affairs. Home | Foreign Affairs. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/63042/g-john-ikenberry/the-rise-of-china-and-the-future-of-the-west. Mathews, Jessica T. Can China Replace the West? The New York Review of Books. 11 May 2017. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2017/05/11/easternization-can-china-replace-the-west/. Moniz, Ernest. Cable News Network. By Fareed Zakaria. June 4, 2017. Niblett, Robin. Liberalism in Retreat: The Demise of a Dream, Foreign Affairs, Jan. & Feb. 2017. Nye, Joseph S. Will the Liberal Order Survive, Foreign Affairs, Jan. & Feb. 2017. Rachman, Gideon. Easternization: Asias Rise and Americas Decline from Obama to Trump and Beyond. New York: Other Press, 2016. Rapoza, Kenneth. Communist China Is Now the Leader Of The Free Trade World, Forbes, 24 January 2017. Rapoza, Kenneth. The Future: Chinas Rise, Americas Decline, Forbes, 26 March 2017. Rose, Gideon. Out of Order? Foreign Affairs, Jan. & Feb. 2017. Rose, Gideon. The Power of Populism: Whats Inside, Foreign Affairs, Nov. & Dec. 2016. Savic, Bob. Behind China and Russias Special Relationship,† The Diplomat, 7 December 2016. Svidà ©n, Ove. The East Wind will Prevail Over the West Wind. Peace Philosophers Blog (web log), 4 January 2017. http://www.peace.se/blog/2017/01/04/mao-zedong-the-east-wind-will-prevail-over-the-west-wind/. Taub, A. Brexit, Explained: 7 Questions About What It Means and Why It Matters. The New York Times, 20 June 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/21/world/europe/brexit-britain-eu-explained.html?_r=0. TPP: What is it and why does it matter? British Broadcasting Corporation. January 23, 2017, http://www.bbc.com/news/business-32498715 (accessed June 9, 2017). Zakaria, Fareed. Populism on the March: Why the West Is in Trouble, Foreign Affairs, Nov. & Dec. 2016.

Ben Franklin A Touch Of Genius :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ben Franklin was born the tenth son of a soap maker, Josiah Franklin. In all Josiah had 17 children amid two wives. When Ben was 15, his brother had started the third paper to hit Boston called The New England Courant. Ben really wanted to write for the paper but he knew that his older brother James would never let him do that being that he is only an apprentice. Therefore, Ben being the young intellect that he was, started printing letters and sliding them into his brothers printing shop at night. He wrote under the alias Silence Dogood, and provided criticism towards views of the world, and the rights and treatments of women. Sixteen letters had been published until Ben came out and told James that it was his mere apprentice brother writing these reader loved articles. James's friends thought Ben was quite gifted but this infuriated James to know that his brother was gaining widespread attention through his alias Silence Dogood. Not before long at all Bens older brother was not at good terms with the Puritan leading family the Mathers. The Mathers supported inoculation, and James along with most people believed that this inoculation was not for the good of the people, and in fact it worsened conditions. James was thrown into prison and Ben was left to run the paper while he was gone. When James returned, he showed his brother no thanks for continuing his business on a positive note. In fact, James â€Å"harassed his younger brother and administered beatings from time to time† (The First American, 18). Ben could not take this harsh treatment from his former mentor so he decided to flee to in 1723 to New York.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ben traveled by boat hoping to find work as a printer in New York but there was none, he continued his journey for work through New Jersey and ended up in Philadelphia where he found work as an apprentice printer for Samuel Keimer. Franklin’s skill as a writer put him at good terms with the Governor William Keith of Pennsylvania. After Bens brother-in-law showed the governor one of Bens letters the governor was stunned by his mastery of wordplay and sent out to meet this great writer. The governor wanted Ben to start his own printing company, but Ben’s father would not finance his print shop, so the Governor told Franklin that he would in fact finance the start of his printing company, after Ben journeys to London to setup business connections, and buy supplies for the company.